The Orthodox Church in the Twenteith Century Introduction Following the Synod of Mulanthuruthy, the Royal Court Judgement of 1889 caused the Orthodox to be in a divided condition. Those who stood for reform formed themselves as the Marthoma Syrian Church independent of the West Syrian Patriarch, while those who opposed them very closely adhering with that Patriarch and his church traditions formed themselves as the Jacobite (Orthodox) Syrian Church under the Patriarch. Though the Synod of Mulanthuruthy had concluded somehow satisfactorily yet with regard to the nature of the exercise of the Patriarchal authority over this Jacobite Indian Church, there remained substantial differences of opinions and ambiguities. A few aspects of it had unveiled while Dionysius V was alive. But it was after his death while during the period of his Successor Dionysius VI the issue became even more worse subject of dispute and complicated, and caused divisions in that church. As the result the Jacobite Syrians were divided into two as the Orthodox and Jacobites in the 20th Century. The Orthodox Section established, to preserve and safeguard their claims of internal Jurisdictional autonomy, the office of the Catholicose declaring that their patraiarch possesses on them only Spiritual authority but in other temporal matters related to their church they are free in which the patriarch has no business. While a division of the Church stood with the patriarch. They opposed the move of the other section all along. In 1934 the Orthodox Section framed and introduced a constitution of their church explicitly explaining the nature of it and its relation with the patriarch. It also united the office of the Malankara Metropolitan with the office of the Catholicos in one dignitary so that it might thereafter become stronger in the Service of the Church. Now hereafter with regards to many matters such as the possessions of the Church properties, main church offices, and bearers and the validity of the Catholicosate litigations began and were carried on all through from 1913 to 1958, in which the fin victory was won by the Orthodox. As the result the Jacobites and their Patriarch got bewildered fearing that would cause to the payment of enormous sum of money to the court expenses of the Orthodox if they decide to more on that direction. So the bishops of the patriarchal side advised the patriarch for a true with the Orthodox and the Orthodox fed up with the long and tire-some litigations finally yielded for a peace in 1958. As long as the rejudicata of the court prevailed there was moderate peace and harmony among them. But from 1972 the patriarchal side again resumed their clashing mentality on the question of the patriarchal authority, for which the Supreme Court of India had given after a prolonged period of actions, from 1995 onwards verdicts, yet no amicable solution has been reached so far, and each division of the Church claiming themselves as separate continues –One under the authority of the patriarch and the other under he leadership of the Catholicose. Thus, how the issue of the West Syrian patriarchal claims of jurisdiction over the Indian church had caused endless problems and divisions in the 20th Century. Some details of i.e., are given hereafter. Dionysius VI or the Great and His Regat Endeveaours For The Freedom of the Church After the death of Dionysius V his successor Dionysius VI- the so called Vattasseril Dionysius the Great and Holy-took as the charge as the Malankara Metropolitan in accordance with the wills and the best wishes of the Malankara Christian Association and Dioynsius V. His Episcopal consecration and appointment as Malankara Metropolitan were done by patriarch Abdulla II. This patriarch son after those things visited Kerala church and desired the stabilize again the patriarchal jurisdiction claims over the Indian Church. Although patriarch Peter IV all through his rest of life after the Synod of Mulanthuruthy had tried in Vain to establish it, this patriarch dreamed the new situation is quite favourable to him to realize it. One, Dionysius VI was consecrated and appointed by him. So the patriarch has right to ask him to do whatever deem necessary towards the stabilization of his claims. Two, this patriarch had a first hand knowledge of the Kerala people while he had been there along with Patriarch Peter IV, that they were well-disposed to the patriarchal causes. He also had friends there and count on a party in the church under the leadership of none other than the Co-trustees and Metropolitan paulose Koorilose. The latter had received consecration with Dionysius VI himself. In such a background he could asks the members of the Malankara Syrian Christian. Association to do whatever required of to the advancement of his claims. Three, if all the former two rejects his claims he knew how to deal further. Because almost all of the offices of bishops were remaining vacant except one. He could readily fill in the them with his own aspirants by executing his plans against which no one in the Church, he was sure, was dare enough to protest. By such all means he could realize his plans with regard to the Indian Church. Soon after his coming in Kerala he called a meeting of the Association at Kottayam in Nov 1909 and asked them to submit a registered did accepting his authority over everything in the church but the meeting out rightly rejected it. His proposal to consecrate and appoint bishops was also rejected by this assembly. The patriarch could however counts on a party in the church under the leadership of the two Co-trustees were Konat Mathews Malpan C.J. Kurian. They finally decided to move on contrary to the resolutions of the Nov 1909 assembly in favour of the patriarch. It is held they had personal revenge against Dionysius VI, so siding with the patriarch they avenged the bishop, and put the church in a state of obivilion then onwards. Instead of moving united against such perils and persuading the patriarch to do whatever that are deemed favourable to the well being of the Indian Church and to its affectionate relationship with the Patriarchate, what such kind of people in the church did on the occasion could not be in no way legitimized. Now Abdulla II proceeded as he liked. As he came to know that people who came for the Kottayam Association of 1909 were unwilling to make a statement acknowledging his authority beyond what has been established in the Royal Court Judgement of 1889 or to agree to his consecrating a large number of bishops, he adopted other tactics to gain his end. He denied that he ever asked for any authority, as all authority had been given to him by God himself and Apostle Peter. In other words Abdulla asserted that he had the authority whether the Indian Church admitter or not, transcending the Royal Court. Because the Royal Court in its decision had declared that the nature of the Patriarchal authority extended over the Indian was purely spiritual and never on its temporalities. In the latter the Indian metropolitan was entitled to enjoy the authority. No Abdulla with the support of co-trustees found it easy to persuade the wealth-minded Paulose Koorilose, who intended to be jealous of his Episcopal colleague in his rise, to submit to the Patriarch the registered deed as required by him. However, in order to make things easy for Koorilose , Abdulla saw to it , that the two other newly consecrated bishops Paulose Athanasius and Geevarghese Severios, resented to him the required documents before he did it. The party that took side of Abdulla submitted to him the names of two candidates for elevation of the Episcopal rank. The patriarch asked them to present to him the registered deed and they obeyed. Following them Paulose Koorilose also did. By arranging the Programme in such a way now asked Dionysius VI too to submit a registered deed. But the metropolitan declined. The Community was now split into two Abdulla had on his side two co-trustees, three Indian Bishops and the Syrian Bishops. Sleeba Osthathios. Dionysius had with him two bishops Ivanios Murimattam and Julius Alvares, and a large body of the community’s elite. The old seminary, where Dionysius stayed turned out to be the battle ground. To capture it and throw out the metropolitan were the first attempts. When failed Patriarch advised by the supporters proceeded to strike the decisive blow by serving an excommunication letters to Dionysius VI which he did on 8th June 1911. In net result the letter was resented by the followers of the Dionysius and it was not given a reading in a large number of Churches including Old Seminary. Following this the metropolitan called an Association on 7 Sept.1911 at Kottayam which attended by large body of representatives resolved to stand by the metropolitan against the action of the Patriarch. It also resolved to remove Mathan Malpan and C.J.Kurian from trusteeship instead substitutes were appointed. Patriarch Abdulla held a meeting of his Partisans at Alwaye and made Paulose Kurilose the Association President and not the Malanakara Metropolitan and resolved to fight against Dionysius. Thus he returned dividing the Indian Church. Now Dionysius and his adherent decided to strike back so that for ever the Antiochene Suzerainty would be ended. The establishment of the Catholicate in Sept.1912 was the response to it. Through Dionysius VI’s effort it was established to defend and safeguard the independence of the Indian Church. Taking advantage of the divisive situation prevalent in the West Syrian Patriarchate of the time Dionysius and party invited Abdul Messiah, the predecessor of Abdulla II. Abdul Messiah had been disfunctioning at the time due to the withdrawal of his recognition by the Turkish Govt.and due to the vested interest and plot of Abdulla II. However, he had not been degraded from his patriarchal status. Accepting invitation from Dionysius he arrived in Kerala to establish Catholicate which he did in Sept 1912 and there by the division of the church declared their freedom. But to realize this fact and to get legitimary next 46 years had to be fought in various courts by Dionysius and his successors. Now we look into the Catholicate and its initial struggle in protecting the freedom of the church. The Establishment of the Catholicate in 1912 An event of remarkable dimension in the history of the Orthodox church of India in the 20th century was this. But the church as a whole and limited could have established it provided there had such an atmosphere, but unfortunately that had been not there. And that was the most defective side of the Malankara church and not of this very institution. A group within that Indian church siding unqualifiedly with the patriarch and his ambitions switch were not justifiable by any means, tried all their best to undermine the institution. That was the history of the church all through the 20th century and even in the present century. As a result the patriarch after Abdulla II siding with a party used them to fight against this free movement of the other faction of the church which was under Dionysius and followers. In legal battles, though this patriarchal party failed disastrously in 1958 and then on in 1995 onwards they are stubborn in their stand and still continuing to trouble with division. However, the Orthodox division of the church as independent of Antioch in developing day by day as an autonomous church under the value of Malankara Orthodox church of India. Indeed within it through the initiative and indomitable persistent efforts of its dear independence lover metropolitan – Vattasseril Dionysius the Great the Catholicate was established in 1912. Till 1934 the metropolitian ably and committed by guided it, built it against all contrary threats and diabolic forces within land without. He installed 3 Catholicoses and framed a constitution for his church and made a vain visit to the patriarchate to find out source solution to the division in the church. But the last one was of no advantage. The office of the Catholics was originally a patriarchal office which independently originated and strengthened within Syrian Christianity in the Persian Empire with which the Indian church of St. Thomas had historic relation till 16th century. This office of the church supreme continues even now in the East Syrian church and other churches. In 1912 in a particular context, it was established in the Indian church that too within the division of the Jacobite church in India under Dionysius IV to defend its national autonomy and jurisdictional freedom from the West Syrian Patriarch. It is to be noted that during the time of the introduction of this office the Indian Jacobites were not followers of the East Syrian church but the West Syrian church. In the West Syrian tradition there had no such office other than Patriarchate. But from the 7th century in the north-west of the Persian Empire there among the west Syrian church, followers there had an office of the archbishop under the Suzerianity of the West Syrian patriarchate who was known as the Maphriana. This was not the office of the Catholicate as it was prove that in the East Syrian church of the Persian Empire. From the time of the introduction of the office of Catholicate within the section of the church under Dionysius in Kerala it had to face a lot of oddity with regard to its history, and other eccelastical characteristics. During the introduction of this office in India its introduces might not have well aware of those things. They thought that the offices of the Maphriana and Catholicose were the same. Hence the introduction of it was viewed as the revival of the catholicate from the nonwards and to such a view, infact, there are no sufficient basis in church annuals. So what was introduced out of the efforts of Dionysius VI and Abdul Missiah in the Orthodox church of India was infact the office of the Maphriana which originally had been a subordinate office under the west Syrian Patriarch. Any how in the course of time the office of the Catholicos introduced among the division of the church in India developed and strengthened to a position that was equal to the patriarchate and it now represents the supreme church head of the Indian Orthodox Church, who is independent in his church administration like all other church heads around the world. This is neither under the West Syrian patriarch juridically or spiritually nor an institution to be established and developed by the sole will of that Patriarch. It is self declared church supreme of the Orthodox church of India. Thus the office of the catholicos which was introduced and developed as such now is a peculiar institution suited to the needs of the Indian Orthodox church. The Catholicoses The first Catholicose of this church was Moran Mar Baselius Paulose (PG16) (1912-14). The next Catholicoses were Baselios Gheevarghese I (1925-28) and Baseliose gheevarghese II (1929-64). The latter served and guided the church for 35years, perhaps the longest single tenure in the history of this church. Since the times of the second Catholicose are the Catholicoses of this church except one were elevated to their office by the synod of the Indian Orthodox bishops and not by anyone from outside or the patriarch of Autioch. This shows the autocephali and autonomous status of this Indian church to select and declare it. The reign of Catholicose 3rd Geevarghese II marks an important chapter in the chequered history of this Indian church. During his time the Orthodox introduced a church constitution won final victory in legal battle against the patriarchal faction in the supreme court of India in 1958 and following this a reconciliation tools place etc. In his later years he became a well-known figure on the Indian scene. Moreover he enabled his church to associate with the world council of churches from its very start in all its functions. He sent representatives to Amsterdam (1948), Evanston (1954) and New Delhi (1961). This catholicose personally with other delegates of his church attended the Edinburgh faith and order world conference in 1937. Mar Theophilos, Mar gregorios, Fr. K.C. Joseph, Miss Sarah chacko, Fr.V.C. Samuel etc from his church were deputed to service in various functions of the WCC from time to time. During his time the head quarter f the Orthodox supremeo the Catholicose was shifted to another quarters within Kottayam called Devalokam to Old Seminary. In the field of education too outstanding developments were achieved. A college of higher education at Pathanamthitta was established. Multifaceted as such he did remarkable service to his church. He had the rare opportunity of becoming Catholicose, the only one in that respect so far, of the united Indian Orthodox church. He raised II bishops and about a thousand clergy and deacons. He passed away after a distinguished career on January 3, 1964. However, another remarkable event during his tenure was the defection of Gheevarghese Ivanios to Roman Catholicism. He was an eminent bishop of the church who toiled a lot to the establishment and development of the Catholicate with the Dionysius VI, standing besides him as his right hand, was consecrated as the bishop of Bethany on 1st may 1925 by Catholicose Gheevarghese I and raised as metropolitan on 13th January 1929 by Catholicose Gheevarghese II. He had probably reason of his own to ful unhappy in the Orthodox Church. It is held that he had desired to become Catholicose but unfortunately he was not selected. As the result dissatisfied in 1930 joined with Rome to become the founder of the Syro-Anti-Ocheve rite in the Roman Catholic Church of India. When he went he also took with him another bishop and a large number of people from the Orthodox. Catholicose Gheevarghese II was succeeded by the Catholicose Augen I (1964-75). He was a great Malayalam and Syriac scholar. Raised to the office of the bishop on 15th, may 1927 by the Patriarch as he stood with the Patriarchal sides till his change over to the Catholicose side in 1942 and till that time he was the metropolitan of the diocese of Kandanad. In 1962 the Malankara Christian Association elected him as successor to Catholicose Gheevarghese II. In January 1964 he assumed to the office as Catholicose. For his enthronement the west Syrian Pakub III was invited to be present so that the function might be acceptable to all especially to those who still stood on the Patriarchal side aggrieved emotionally. However during the last days of his tenure as Catholicose again peace within the church was broke down by the actions of the former Patrirachal group, who were encouraged by the Patriarch himself. As the result by august 1974 all relation with the Patriarch once again broken down forever. The main reasons for such were briefly these: 1. On 21st June, 1917 the Patriarch wrote a letter to the Catholicose informing that the Catholicose should not use the words “Throne of St. Thomas “ and “Holiness” and red inked letter heads in his correspondences. He held a blasphemy that St. Thomas the apostle of India was not even a priest at all, if so how it could be held that he had Episcopal throne. By the sanction and the similar, what he held was that the Catholicose was Subservient to him and was not equal in status to him. Unwillingness to accept the autonomy of the church under the catholicose could be seen here. 2. He sent a Syrian bishop as his delegate to the Indian church ordering to accept him which the Indian church refused to comply with. As he was forcefully sent here in return he was sent by force by the actions of the Indian church. 3. Patriarch sent the several notorious letters to Individuals and parishes of the Catholicose inviting to revolt against the catholicose and his bishops repudiating their authority. 4. The Patriarch called to Syria a number of individuals from the Indian side and made them bishops and appointed them as rivals such as Paulose Athanasius, Thomas Dionysius, Gheevarhese Gregorios. Thus from 1974 onwards this process of reproducing bishops as possible number as he could to outnumber the Catholicose side bishops, was his way of his works. 5. Finally issuing an ex communication letter against the Catholicose and bishops on his side. He appointed rival Catholicose subordinate to him. 6. In 2002 a rival constitution was framed and named the section of the church with him in India as the Jacobite Syrian Christian church under the Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch Now the Orthodox has no official connection with the Patriarch what so ever. It has declared again and again that it is an independent church. After Catholicose Augen I Marthoma Mathews I led the Orthodox between 1975 and 1991. He was succeeded by Mar Thoma Mathews II and remained in that office between 1991 and 2005. Thereafter the present Catholicose Mar Thoma Didymos I in looking after this church. Some Major Events Within The Orthodox Church In India From 1958 Some events which were already noted earlier will be not repeated in this section. After mutual receptions of the Patriarchal and Catholicose parties by the exchange of letters from both sides on 9 and 16th December, 1958, the first Malankara Syrian Christian Association of the United Church was held at St. Mary’s church, Puthenkavu. Following this dioceses were rearranged. In May 1959 MGOCSM was formed to ecclesiastically co-ordinate and to strengthen spiritually the youngsters of the Orthodox Church. It was effectively functioning then on till now. On 1st August 1959 the accumulated interest Rs 21,849 on the trust endowment from 1932 to 1959 was received by the Catholicose. On November 2 1959 St. Paul’s Ashram at Puthuppady was started by the church at the initiative of Fr. M V George (who later became metropolitan – Dr. Ghee Varghese Osthtiose). On 23rd September 1960 a diocese of the church to represent the parishes outside Kerala was established. Pan Orthodox conferences were held in 1960(Rhodes) and 1961. The WCC world conference was held in New Delhi 1961 (November 18). The Orthodox participants after this paid visits to the Catholicose at Kottayam. On November 7 1962 Arch Bishop Makarios President of Cyprus paid visit to the Catholicose. Similarly on 21st December Catholicose Vaskan of Armenian Orthodox church visited Catholicose. Another meeting of the Malankara Syrian Christian Association was held on 17th may 1962 at St. Mary’s church Niranam in which Augen Mar Thimothios was selected as Catholicose designatic. On May 22nd 1964 Aughen was enthroned Catholicose. The oriental Orthodox Church congress was held at Adis ababa on 15 – 24 January 1965. The Catholicose paid a visit to the west Syrian Patriarch at Damascus on 2nd February 1965. The Orthodox Theological seminary at Kottayam, the only clerical training of the Orthodox Church of India, was formally affiliated with the Senate of Serampore university on 1st February 1965 on August 24 1956 3 bishops for the church were consecrated, namely: Yuhanon Sevrios, Philipose Theophilus and Thomas Thimotheos. In February 1967 Dr. Donald Chohgen, York arch bishop paid a visit to this church. Patriarch Justimian of the Rumanian Orthodox church visited the Catholicose on 5-12 January 1969. The delegation from the Russian Orthodox in 1949 visited this church.19th century anniversary of St.Thomas was held in July (3) 1972. St Thomas mission centre at Bhilai was formed in 1972 on February 16th 1975 five bishops were consecrated namely: Paulose Gregorios, Gheevarghese Osthathios, Stephanos Theodosius, Thomas Makarios and Joseph Pachomios. Outside Kerala was divided as Bombay, Madras and Delhi in March (27), 1976, which again subdivided as five: Bombay, Delhi, Madras, Calcutta and America in January (1) 1979. Catholicose Marthoma Mathews I with a delegation paid visits to the Russian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox churches in Sep (21), 1976. Again another delegation of the Indian Orthodox paid visits to the Bulgarian and Rumanian Orthodox churches in October (2) 1976. Patriarch Pemen of the Russian Orthodox visited the Indian Orthodox in January 1977. On out 15, 1979 the Malankara Orthodox church had handed over 66 houses built by the church in Andhrapradesh in connection with cyclone relief works there. A child Welfare Board of the Church was constituted on 7 July 1979. On September 15, 1979 Mission Training centre at Mavelikara was founded. In January (1) 1979 the Diocese of Trivandrum of the Orthodox Church was formed. For theological post-graduate studies a three- denominationally co-ordinated Federated Faculty affiliated to the Serampore University was founded in 1980 in which the Orthodox, Marthoma and CS; (Kerala) churches were constituent members. Dividing the Kottayam diocese framed three dioceses: Kottayam, Kottayam central and Idukki in January (8) 1982. Dr. Paulose Gregorios, the metropolitan of Delhi and the principal of the Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam became the president of the WCC in 1983. The Catholicose inaugurated lay Theological programme under the name Divya Bhodam in July (28) 1984. Chengannur diocese came into being in (March (10)1985, and Kunnamkulam (April-14) and Sultan Battery (October 23) Diocese also formed in the same year. In 1995 Bhilai (Now at Nagpur) Orthodox Theological Seminary was founded. Bishops Consecrated After 1975 on May 15, 1978 five bishops were consecrated namely, 1. Gheevarghese Dioscorus 2. Mathews Barnabas 3. Zachariah Diouysius 4. Jacob Polycarpos 5. Yuhanon Athanasios Another five bishops consecrated on May 15, 1985 were these: 1. Mathews Ephipanios 2. Philipose Euscbius 3. Thomas Athanasius 4. Gheevarghese Ivanios 5. Paulose Milethios On 13 April, 1991 four more were consecrated namely, 1. Gheevarghese Coorilose 2. Zachariah Authonios 3. Mathews Severios 4. Job Philexios 5. Kuriakose Clemis In 1993 Aug. 16 two bishops were consecrated namely 1. Paulose Pachomios 2. Yakub Irenios The last batch of bishops appointed was in 2005 March 5 and they were four: 1. Gabriel Gregorios 2. Zachariah Theophilus 3. Yuhanon Chrisostoruos 4. Augen Diosysius Now there are 23 bishops including 3 bishops who came out of the Patriarchal side infavour of peace in the church and in hope of unity following the Supreme Court verdict of 1995. They are Zachriah Nicholavos, Yuhanon Milethios and Thomas Athanasius. The respective clergy and lay trustees of the church from 1958 onwards are the following. 1. Clergy Trustees: Fr. Jacob Manalil (1958-65) T.S. Abraham cor-episcopa (1965-82) Abraham Melpankonattu (1982-87) Fr.Mathai Noornal (1987-2003) Fr. O Thomas (2004-2007) Fr.John Abraham Konattu (2007-2012) 2. Lay Trustees: Kurian Abraham uppoottil (1958-80) P.C. Abraham Padinjarekara (1980-2007) M.C. George Muthoot (2007-2012)